North American Registry of Midwives (NARM) Practice Exam

What type of fetal growth retardation is typically associated with malnutrition?

1. Asymmetric growth retardation

2. Symmetric growth retardation

3. Normal growth

4. Excessive growth

The correct answer is: Symmetric growth retardation

Symmetric growth retardation is the type of fetal growth retardation that is typically associated with malnutrition. This condition occurs when there is a uniform reduction in the growth of all fetal body parts, meaning that the baby's overall growth is proportionately affected. When a fetus experiences malnutrition, it doesn't just impact one area; instead, all tissues and organs are affected equally, leading to a smaller size across the board. In contrast, asymmetric growth retardation generally occurs later in pregnancy, where the head might grow normally or even larger in proportion to the body, often as a response to limited nutrition that prioritizes critical organ development over overall growth. Normal growth and excessive growth are not associated with malnutrition, as they reflect typical fetal development or positive health factors, respectively. Thus, symmetric growth retardation accurately reflects the outcome of fetal development in the presence of malnutrition.